Toblerone is a chocolate brand. And the characteristic of this chocolate is its shape - TRIANGULAR SHAPE. Here is some basic information of TOBLERONE.
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(RESEARCH)
Kraft Foods
Kraft Foods, Inc. (NYSE: KFT) is the largest food and beverage company headquartered in the United States and the second largest in the world (after Nestlé SA).
Kraft is headquartered in Northfield, Illinois, USA, a Chicago suburb. Their European headquarters are just outside Zürich in Switzerland. Kraft Foods markets many popular brands in more than 155 countries.
The Kraft product logo Kraft Foods became a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average on September 22, 2008, replacing AIG.
History
20th Century
Canadian born and of German origin James L. Kraft started a wholesale door-to-door cheese business in Chicago in 1903; its first year of operations was "dismal", losing $3,000 and a horse. Still, the business took hold and Kraft was joined by his four brothers to form J.L. Kraft and Bros. Company in 1909. As early as 1911, circulars and advertisements were in use by the company. In 1912, the company established its New York headquarters to prepare for its international expansion. By 1914, 31 varieties of cheeses were being sold around the United States, due to heavy product development, expansion by marketing, and opening a wholly owned cheese factory in Illinois.
In 1915, the company had invented pasteurized processed cheese that didn't need refrigeration, thus giving a longer shelf life than conventional cheese. The process was patented in 1916 and about six million pounds of the product were sold to the U.S. Army for military rations during World War I. In 1919, the company began national advertising and had made its first acquisition: a Canadian cheese company.
In 1924, the company changed its name to Kraft Cheese Company and went public. Kraft had established its London and Hamburg sales offices (its first forays outside North America) in 1927. In 1928, it acquired Phenix Cheese Company, makers of Philadelphia cream cheese, and changed its name to Kraft-Phenix Cheese Company; it had captured 40 percent of the cheese market in the United States by 1930. Kraft also began operating in Australia following a merger with Fred Walker & Co.
The same year (1930), National Dairy Products Corporation - makers of Breyers ice cream and Breakstone's cottage cheese and sour cream - acquired Kraft-Phenix. During these years, Kraft's product lines were diversified from cheese to salad dressings, caramels, macaroni and cheese dinners and margarines. In 1933, the company began marketing by radio sponsorship. In 1935, Sealtest ice cream was launched.
During World War II, Kraft Cheese Company sent four million pounds of cheese to Britain weekly. In 1945, Kraft changed its name to Kraft Foods Company as its product lines had diversified. Product development and advertising helped the company to grow during the postwar years, launching sliced process cheese and process cheese sauce in the '50s. During these years, National Dairy's owner Thomas McInnerney and Kraft's founder James L. Kraft died, and at the end of the decade, the divisions became less autonomous and even diversified to the glass packaging business with the acquisition of Metro Glass in 1956.
In 1947 Kraft tested the marketing power of the emerging medium of television by producing the hour-long drama program the Kraft Television Theatre. The product advertised on the program, McLaren’s Imperial Cheese, was selected because "... [it had] not only had no advertising appropriation whatsoever, but had not even been distributed for several years." The result as described by internal documents of J. Walter Thompson, the advertising firm which conceived of the marketing test, was “although there was no other advertising support for it whatsoever, still grocery stores could not keep up with the demand.”
Former Philadelphia Cream Cheese plant in Strathmerton, Australia
In the '60s, product development became intense, launching jellies, preserves, marshmallows, barbecue sauces and individually-wrapped cheese slices. It is also during this decade that the company expanded in many markets worldwide.
In 1969, National Dairy became Kraftco Corporation and transferred to Glenview, Illinois in 1972. In 1976, its name changed to Kraft, Inc. to emphasize the trademark the company had been known for. Reorganization also occurred after the name change. At the end of the 1970s, Kraft merged with Dart Industries - makers of Duracell batteries, Tupperware plastic containers, West Bend appliances, Wilsonart plastics and Thatcher glass - to form Dart & Kraft.
During the '80s, Dart & Kraft offered mixed results to its shareholders, as new acquisitions in the food business - such as Churny premium cheeses, Lender's Bagels, Frusen Gladje ice cream and Celestial Seasonings tea - slightly offset the lagging nonfood business - Tupperware's decrease in sales and KitchenAid's (acquired soon after the merger) slide in market share - leading Dart & Kraft to spin off its nonfood business (except Duracell batteries) into a new entity (Premark International, Inc.) while changing its name back to Kraft, Inc. In 1988, Kraft sold Duracell to private equity firm Kohlberg, Kravis and Roberts, who then put into an IPO in 1989. Gillette bought Duracell in 1996, and itself was acquired by Procter and Gamble in 2005.
At the end of 1988, Philip Morris Companies purchased Kraft for $12.9 billion. In 1989, Kraft merged with Philip Morris's General Foods unit - makers of Oscar Mayer meats, Maxwell House coffee, Jell-O gelatin, Budget Gourmet frozen dinners, Entenmann's baked goods, Kool-Aid, Crystal Light and Tang powdered beverage mixes, Post Cereals, Shake 'n Bake flavored coatings and numerous other packaged foods - as Kraft General Foods. Its aggressive product development was reversed after the merger, as it became slow in addressing issues on its product lines due to its size, and also company politics.
In 1990, KGF acquired Jacobs Suchard - a European coffee and confectionery giant - and Freia Marabou - a Scandinavian confectionery maker - to expand overseas as its business was heavily dependent on the United States. In 1993, it acquired RJR Nabisco's cold cereal business (mainly Shredded Wheat and Shreddies cereals) while selling its ice cream division to Unilever, and its Birds Eye unit to Dean Foods. In 1994, it sold its frozen dinners unit to H.J. Heinz and in 1995, it sold its foodservice unit.
In 1995, it changed its name to the present name. The same year, it sold its bakery division (except Lender's Bagels, which was sold in 1996 to CPC International). Also, it sold its candy division in 1995, its tablespreads division the same year and Log Cabin syrup in 1997.
21st Century
In 2000, Philip Morris (renamed Altria in 2003) acquired Nabisco Holdings for $18.9 billion and merged the company with Kraft Foods the same year. In 2001, Philip Morris sold 280 million Kraft shares via the third-largest IPO of all time, retaining an 88.1% stake in the company.
In 2004, it sold its sugar confectionery division to Wrigley, while doing minor divestitures - including its hot cereals division in 2007, its pet snacks division in 2006, juice drinks and functional water in 2007 and some grocery brands in 2006.
Altria announced on January 31, 2007, that it would spin off all the remaining Kraft Foods shares to Altria's shareholders; each will be given approximately 0.7 share of Kraft for every Altria share they own.
Investor Nelson Peltz bought a three-percent stake at Kraft Foods and is talking with the executives on revitalizing the business, with options such as buying Wendy's fast food chain or selling off Post cereals and Maxwell House coffee. On January 31, 2007, after months of speculation, the company announced that its 88.1% stake would be spun off to Altria shareholders at the end of March 2007. Kraft is now an independent publicly held company.
In July 2007, the company bought Groupe Danone's biscuit (cookie) and cereal division for $7.2 billion. While two years earlier firestorms of protest had arisen over plans for American PepsiCo's hostile takeover of the French company, Kraft's announcement was not met with the same protests, although a possible deal comes with strings: promising not to close French factories and keep the cookie headquarters near Paris for at least three years. Kraft is much more powerful in the US than in foreign markets.
In November 2007, Kraft Foods agreed to sell its cereal unit to Ralcorp Holdings, a major private-label food maker, for $2.6 billion in a form of a spin-off merger. This would add 50% to Ralcorp's sales, to $3.3 billion, and will be used for Kraft's debt payment, which is at $13.4 billion, in danger of a downgrade by Standard and Poor's. In February 2008, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. run by billionaire investor Warren E. Buffett announced that it had acquired an 8% stake in Kraft worth over $4 billion. Buffett's business partner Charles Munger had also invested over $300 million in Kraft.
On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods replaced the troubled insurance company AIG in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods replaced the troubled insurance company AIG in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
On September 7, 2009, Kraft Foods made a £10.2 billion takeover offer for the long-established British confectionery group Cadbury, makers of Dairy Milk and Bournville chocolate.
SponsorshipsKraft Foods is an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and sponsors the Kraft Nabisco Championship, one of the four "majors" on the LPGA tour.
SponsorshipsKraft Foods is an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and sponsors the Kraft Nabisco Championship, one of the four "majors" on the LPGA tour.
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(CHINESE RESEARCH)
(CHINESE RESEARCH)
巧克力市場調查(2009年7月)
香港這個購物天堂，匯聚世界各地不同品牌及口味的巧克力，由黑巧克力、牛奶巧克力、果仁巧克力，以至配合水果或其他材料製成的巧克力甜品等，林林總總，且包裝精美，一直深受遊客歡迎。你可有想過買一些巧克力，與親友開心分享呢？立即瀏覽以下資料，精明選購可口的巧克力。
市場調查的地點為各大遊客熱點，包括大型購物商場、百貨公司、超市及糖果專門店，共搜集了60款巧克力的資料：
分類：本港市面至少有5類巧克力，是次調查將60款產品分為雜錦裝（14款）、牛奶巧克力（18款）、果仁牛奶巧克力（19款）、黑巧克力（8款）及其他巧克力製品（1款）。
來源地：來自16個國家及地區，分別是丹麥、意大利、比利時、西班牙、德國、瑞士、荷蘭、法國、英國、土耳其、美國、澳洲、日本、馬來西亞、中國及香港。 售價：各款巧克力的價格差異頗大，每100克計，售價由港幣$7.6至$178.1。
香港這個購物天堂，匯聚世界各地不同品牌及口味的巧克力，由黑巧克力、牛奶巧克力、果仁巧克力，以至配合水果或其他材料製成的巧克力甜品等，林林總總，且包裝精美，一直深受遊客歡迎。你可有想過買一些巧克力，與親友開心分享呢？立即瀏覽以下資料，精明選購可口的巧克力。
市場調查的地點為各大遊客熱點，包括大型購物商場、百貨公司、超市及糖果專門店，共搜集了60款巧克力的資料：
分類：本港市面至少有5類巧克力，是次調查將60款產品分為雜錦裝（14款）、牛奶巧克力（18款）、果仁牛奶巧克力（19款）、黑巧克力（8款）及其他巧克力製品（1款）。
來源地：來自16個國家及地區，分別是丹麥、意大利、比利時、西班牙、德國、瑞士、荷蘭、法國、英國、土耳其、美國、澳洲、日本、馬來西亞、中國及香港。 售價：各款巧克力的價格差異頗大，每100克計，售價由港幣$7.6至$178.1。
細看成分標籤
1. 可可固體含量
巧克力的外觀、質感和溶化特性視乎其脂肪成分；而味道則主要來自可可固體，即可可漿加可可脂的含量。是次調查的60款樣本中，23款有標示可可固體含量。
巧克力的配方和口味不盡相同，成分標準亦因應國家及地區各異。傳統上，巧克力以可可脂製造，但近年有些生產商會以價錢較便宜的「非可可植物脂」來製造。
2. 營養素含量60款樣本中，32款包裝上有標示營養素含量，另有4款在本會查詢下，亦提供了有關資料。
1. 可可固體含量
巧克力的外觀、質感和溶化特性視乎其脂肪成分；而味道則主要來自可可固體，即可可漿加可可脂的含量。是次調查的60款樣本中，23款有標示可可固體含量。
巧克力的配方和口味不盡相同，成分標準亦因應國家及地區各異。傳統上，巧克力以可可脂製造，但近年有些生產商會以價錢較便宜的「非可可植物脂」來製造。
2. 營養素含量60款樣本中，32款包裝上有標示營養素含量，另有4款在本會查詢下，亦提供了有關資料。
想知道各款巧克力的售價、可可固體及營養素含量，請按下列網址。
巧克力是高糖和高脂的食品。根據英國食物標準局的健康飲食指引，以每100克食物計，總脂肪含量多於20克、飽和脂肪多於5克、糖多於15克，均屬偏高。這次調查中，有個別產品的總脂肪每百克計達44.8克，差不多接近一半是脂肪，亦有樣本每百克含糖達56.7克，旅客宜適量進食，以免影響健康。
世界衞生組織（簡稱「世衞」）指出，健康飲食之道，應減少攝取脂肪、游離糖及鹽分，增加水果及蔬菜進食量，這可有效平衡能量，保持健康體重。
攝取過量脂肪會引致肥胖，增加患上多種慢性疾病，如心臟病、高血壓、糖尿病及某幾類癌症的風險；攝取過量游離糖有機會導致不健康增磅，兒童進食過甜食物亦會增加蛀牙的機會及養成嗜吃甜點的習慣。
世衞和聯合國糧食及農業組織建議每日總脂肪、飽和脂肪和游離糖的攝取量應分別少於人體每日所需能量的30%、10%和10%，以成人每日攝取2,000千卡能量為例，其總脂肪、飽和脂肪和游離糖的每日攝取限量分別為60克、20克和50克。
巧克力對心臟有益？
有研究發現可可所含的一種多酚化合物--黃烷醇，對血壓、胰島素抵抗、血管和血小板功能有正面影響，可能有助維持心臟健康。不過，到目前為止，這些證據還未經確定。
2007年12月的《柳葉刀》醫學期刊（The Lancet）指出，牛奶巧克力和白巧克力通常只含少量或缺乏黃烷醇，對心臟健康沒有幫助。即使黑巧克力可能含較多可可固體，不同產品的黃烷醇含量亦有分別。儘管黃烷醇可能對心臟健康有幫助，你亦要注意黑巧克力所含的脂肪、糖和能量。想有益健康，在進食適量含豐富黃烷醇的黑巧克力的同時，亦須減少進食其他食物，以平衡所攝取的能量。
黑巧克力、牛奶和白巧克力有甚麼分別？
根據聯合國食品法典委員會的巧克力及巧克力製品標準，巧克力是由可可原料製成，可能加入牛奶製品、糖或甜味劑，以及其他添加劑如乳化劑、調味料、抗氧化劑及色素等。若產品在巧克力外加入其他食品，而成分不多於完成品總重量的40%，便稱為巧克力製品。
世界衞生組織（簡稱「世衞」）指出，健康飲食之道，應減少攝取脂肪、游離糖及鹽分，增加水果及蔬菜進食量，這可有效平衡能量，保持健康體重。
攝取過量脂肪會引致肥胖，增加患上多種慢性疾病，如心臟病、高血壓、糖尿病及某幾類癌症的風險；攝取過量游離糖有機會導致不健康增磅，兒童進食過甜食物亦會增加蛀牙的機會及養成嗜吃甜點的習慣。
世衞和聯合國糧食及農業組織建議每日總脂肪、飽和脂肪和游離糖的攝取量應分別少於人體每日所需能量的30%、10%和10%，以成人每日攝取2,000千卡能量為例，其總脂肪、飽和脂肪和游離糖的每日攝取限量分別為60克、20克和50克。
巧克力對心臟有益？
有研究發現可可所含的一種多酚化合物--黃烷醇，對血壓、胰島素抵抗、血管和血小板功能有正面影響，可能有助維持心臟健康。不過，到目前為止，這些證據還未經確定。
2007年12月的《柳葉刀》醫學期刊（The Lancet）指出，牛奶巧克力和白巧克力通常只含少量或缺乏黃烷醇，對心臟健康沒有幫助。即使黑巧克力可能含較多可可固體，不同產品的黃烷醇含量亦有分別。儘管黃烷醇可能對心臟健康有幫助，你亦要注意黑巧克力所含的脂肪、糖和能量。想有益健康，在進食適量含豐富黃烷醇的黑巧克力的同時，亦須減少進食其他食物，以平衡所攝取的能量。
黑巧克力、牛奶和白巧克力有甚麼分別？
根據聯合國食品法典委員會的巧克力及巧克力製品標準，巧克力是由可可原料製成，可能加入牛奶製品、糖或甜味劑，以及其他添加劑如乳化劑、調味料、抗氧化劑及色素等。若產品在巧克力外加入其他食品，而成分不多於完成品總重量的40%，便稱為巧克力製品。
巧克力及巧克力製品使用可可脂以外的植物脂時，須不多於完成品總重量的5%，以及不影響可可原料的最少含量。以100克的黑巧克力為例（最少須含18%可可脂），如要使用植物脂，其含量不可多於5克（即5%）；另外，可可脂亦不可因而減少至低於所定的最少含量，即可可脂最少要有18克（即18%）。
上述標準以成分及類型（或形狀），訂定了十多種巧克力及巧克力製品的成分含量；下列為三種最常見的類別：
上述標準以成分及類型（或形狀），訂定了十多種巧克力及巧克力製品的成分含量；下列為三種最常見的類別：
1. 黑巧克力
主要由可可漿、可可脂、糖及調味料製成；須含不少於35%總可可固體（以乾物量計），其中最少18%為可可脂及最少14%為無脂可可固體。
2. 牛奶巧克力
主要由可可漿、可可脂、糖、奶（或奶類製品）及調味料製成；須含最少25%可可固體（以乾物量計），其中最少2.5%為無脂可可固體，而奶固體含量須佔12%至14%。
3. 白巧克力
屬於「其他巧克力製品」，主要由可可脂、糖、奶（或奶類製品）及調味料製成，不含無脂可可固體；須含不少於20%可可脂（以乾物量計）及14%奶固體。
巧克力儲存有法
要保持巧克力的質量，最佳儲存環境是18℃至20℃，相對濕度低於50%至55%。有時，你會見到巧克力的表面呈暗啞灰色，原因是表面形成了一層糖霜或油霜，但這只會影響巧克力的外觀，對味道沒有太大影響。
糖霜一般是由表面水分產生。水分會溶解巧克力的糖，當水分蒸發後，糖便會在巧克力的表面結晶。雖然儲存環境濕度過高是形成糖霜的主要原因，但當巧克力在短時間內由溫度較低的環境轉移至較暖的地方時，空氣中的水分便會在巧克力的表面凝結，亦有機會產生糖霜。
油霜是由於儲存溫度過高引致。當巧克力的脂肪因環境溫度過高而溶解，便會滲透到巧克力的表面，凝結後便形成一層油霜。因巧克力容易吸收其他食物或物件的氣味，儲存時宜密封及遠離帶有強烈氣味的東西。如有需要把巧克力冷藏，宜先用兩個保鮮袋包好才放入電冰箱，在取出時，待巧克力回復室溫後才把保鮮袋解封，便可避免形成糖霜。
要保持巧克力的質量，最佳儲存環境是18℃至20℃，相對濕度低於50%至55%。有時，你會見到巧克力的表面呈暗啞灰色，原因是表面形成了一層糖霜或油霜，但這只會影響巧克力的外觀，對味道沒有太大影響。
糖霜一般是由表面水分產生。水分會溶解巧克力的糖，當水分蒸發後，糖便會在巧克力的表面結晶。雖然儲存環境濕度過高是形成糖霜的主要原因，但當巧克力在短時間內由溫度較低的環境轉移至較暖的地方時，空氣中的水分便會在巧克力的表面凝結，亦有機會產生糖霜。
油霜是由於儲存溫度過高引致。當巧克力的脂肪因環境溫度過高而溶解，便會滲透到巧克力的表面，凝結後便形成一層油霜。因巧克力容易吸收其他食物或物件的氣味，儲存時宜密封及遠離帶有強烈氣味的東西。如有需要把巧克力冷藏，宜先用兩個保鮮袋包好才放入電冰箱，在取出時，待巧克力回復室溫後才把保鮮袋解封，便可避免形成糖霜。
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